As winter settles in across the United States, cases of the dreaded stomach bug, norovirus, are surging in several regions, causing widespread concern. According to the latest data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), norovirus outbreaks have been on the rise, with 91 reported outbreaks during the week of December 5—up from 69 outbreaks in the previous week and significantly higher than the typical numbers seen in early December in past years. This sharp increase highlights the importance of understanding how the virus spreads and what steps can be taken to protect yourself and your loved ones.
What is Norovirus?
Norovirus is a highly contagious virus and the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States. It is responsible for approximately 58% of foodborne illnesses acquired each year, according to CDC statistics. Norovirus infections are often characterized by sudden onset of vomiting and diarrhea, accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, stomach pain, body aches, headache, and fever.
This virus is known for its ability to spread rapidly, even with a small number of viral particles—just 10 can be enough to make someone sick, experts say. Norovirus is responsible for about 2,500 outbreaks annually in the U.S., although outbreaks are most common during the winter months, from November to April.
How Do You Get Norovirus?
Norovirus spreads easily, primarily through contact with an infected person, contaminated food or water, or by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus. The virus can be passed directly through sharing food, utensils, or close personal contact. For example, outbreaks are often seen on cruise ships, in nursing homes, jails, schools, and other environments where people are in close quarters.
When someone who is infected touches food, surfaces, or interacts with others without washing their hands, the virus can easily spread to others. Contaminated surfaces, such as doorknobs, countertops, and bathroom faucets, are common sources of transmission.
Symptoms of Norovirus
The symptoms of norovirus typically start suddenly, with the illness developing between 12 to 48 hours after exposure. Key symptoms include:
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Stomach pain
- Body aches
- Headaches
- Fever (sometimes)
While these symptoms can be severe and uncomfortable, most people recover within one to three days. However, the illness can be particularly dangerous for young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems, as dehydration can occur quickly due to vomiting and diarrhea.
How Long Does Norovirus Last?
Norovirus infections are usually short-lived, with symptoms typically lasting between one to three days. Despite this, norovirus causes a significant number of illnesses each year—approximately 19 to 21 million cases in the U.S. annually. The CDC estimates that norovirus results in about 900 deaths, 109,000 hospitalizations, and 465,000 emergency department visits each year, with young children and elderly adults being the most vulnerable to severe complications, especially dehydration.
Who is Most at Risk?
While anyone can catch norovirus, certain groups are more vulnerable to serious complications, particularly dehydration. Those most at risk include:
- Young children – Their small size and developing immune systems make them more susceptible to dehydration.
- Older adults – Age-related factors, including a weakened immune system, put seniors at a higher risk.
- Individuals with weakened immune systems – People undergoing treatments like chemotherapy or those with chronic health conditions may have a harder time fighting off infections.
Dehydration is the primary concern with norovirus, and signs include decreased urination, dry mouth and throat, dizziness, and fatigue. In children, additional symptoms of dehydration may include irritability, crying without tears, and extreme lethargy.
How to Protect Yourself from Norovirus
With norovirus infections surging this winter, it’s essential to take proactive steps to protect yourself and others. Here are some key ways to reduce your risk:
- Frequent Handwashing
The most effective way to prevent the spread of norovirus is regular handwashing. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds before preparing food, eating, or after using the restroom. Hand sanitizers may not be as effective against norovirus, so always opt for soap and water when possible. - Disinfect Surfaces Regularly
Clean and disinfect surfaces that are frequently touched, such as doorknobs, kitchen counters, and bathroom faucets. Use a household disinfectant that is effective against norovirus, paying particular attention to areas that may come in contact with food or hands. - Stay Home When Sick
If you or someone in your household is showing symptoms of norovirus, stay home to prevent the virus from spreading. Norovirus is highly contagious, and staying home from work or school can help stop an outbreak. - Proper Food Handling
When preparing food, make sure to wash your hands and cooking utensils frequently. Avoid eating or drinking unclean food or water that may be contaminated, and ensure food is prepared and stored safely. - Hydrate
If you experience symptoms of norovirus, staying hydrated is critical. Drink plenty of fluids like water, oral rehydration solutions, or clear broths to avoid dehydration. Avoid beverages like coffee, tea, and alcohol, as they can contribute to dehydration.
Stay Vigilant This Winter
With a surge in norovirus cases reported this winter, it’s important to be vigilant about hygiene and take necessary precautions to protect yourself and others. While most people recover within a few days, the virus remains a significant health risk, particularly for vulnerable groups such as young children, the elderly, and those with compromised immune systems. By practicing good hygiene, cleaning surfaces regularly, and staying informed, you can reduce your chances of contracting or spreading this highly contagious virus during the peak winter season.